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			<journal-meta>
				<journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">journalsr</journal-id>
				<journal-title-group>
					<journal-title xml:lang="ru">Южно-российский журнал социальных наук</journal-title>
					<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
						<trans-title>South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences</trans-title>
					</trans-title-group>
				</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2618-8007</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2619-0567</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Кубанский государственный университет</publisher-name>
				<publisher-loc>RU</publisher-loc>
			</publisher>
			<self-uri xlink:href="https://journalsr.kubsu.ru/" />
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		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">167</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31429/26190567-23-2-86-105</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group xml:lang="ru" subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Научная статья</subject></subj-group>
				<subj-group xml:lang="en" subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original article</subject></subj-group>
				<subj-group xml:lang="ru"><subject>Политика идентичности</subject></subj-group>
				<subj-group xml:lang="en"><subject>Identity Politics</subject></subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title xml:lang="ru">Языковая политика как инструмент трансформации этнополитического конфликта в Руанде</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Language Policy as a Tool for Transforming the Ethno-Political Conflict in Rwanda</trans-title>
					</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group content-type="author">
				<contrib >
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-112X</contrib-id>
					<name-alternatives>
						<string-name specific-use="display">Никольская М.В.</string-name>
						<name name-style="western" specific-use="primary" xml:lang="ru">
							<surname>Никольская</surname>
							<given-names>Майя Викторовна</given-names>
						</name>
						<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
							<surname>Nikolskaya</surname>
							<given-names>Mayya V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</name-alternatives>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1" />
					<email>mayyanikolskaya@gmail.com</email>
					<bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University) of the MFA of Russia, Vernadskiy Ave., 76, Moscow, 119454, Russia</p></bio>
					<bio xml:lang="ru"><p>МГИМО МИД России, Институт международных исследований, пр-т Вернадского, 76, г. Москва, 119454, Россия</p></bio>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff-1"><institution content-type="orgname" xml:lang="ru">МГИМО МИД России, Институт международных исследований</institution><institution content-type="orgname" xml:lang="en">Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University) of the MFA of Russia</institution></aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-08-30" publication-format="ppub">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>23</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
				<fpage>86</fpage>
				<lpage>105</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-05-24">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-06-22">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-08-30">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2022 Майя Викторовна Никольская</copyright-statement>
				<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
				<copyright-holder>Майя Викторовна Никольская</copyright-holder>
				<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
					<license-p>Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<self-uri xlink:href="https://journalsr.kubsu.ru/article/view/167" />
			<abstract xml:lang="en">
				<p>The article is dedicated to Rwanda’s language policy designed by the authorities after the 1994 genocide, which constitutes a turning point in the country’s contemporary history, with a view to healing the profound collective trauma. Relying on a case study method and the analysis of a wide selection of sources and research papers, the author examines the specific measures undertaken as part of the reform and tracks its progress from 1994 until the present day. To identify the underlying reasons for the new language policy and the extent to which it is in line with the Rwandan government’s goal of building a de-ethnicized nation, the author turns to Johan Galtung’s “Violence Triangle” and the conflict transformation theory revolving around the concept of a “positive peace”. The pre-genocide language landscape was characterized by linguistic imperialism, as evident in the discrimination of non-­French-­speaking citizens, a factor that further fueled the already brewing tensions. After 1994, Rwanda’s exit from France’s sphere of influence was accompanied by a change in the status of each language aimed at eliminating the entrenched ethnic stereotypes linked to colonialism in the collective consciousness. The national idea of the “new Rwandan” gained momentum through reinforcing the legal standing and symbolism of the indigenous language of Kinyarwanda. In the light of the country’s integration into the East African Community, the new language policy also affected another African language, Swahili, elevating it to an official status. The current four-language model is evaluated as largely successful, as it corresponds to the symbolic and policymaking objectives of post-conflict peace building in Rwanda.</p>
			</abstract>
			<abstract xml:lang="ru">
				<p>Статья посвящена языковой политике Руанды, которая была разработана властями страны после геноцида 1994 г. — своеобразного водораздела в ее современной истории — с целью преодоления глубокой национальной травмы. В качестве основного метода был выбран кейс-стади, предполагающий системный сбор информации по предмету исследования для определения этапов и основных направлений реформирования языковой политики с указанного момента по сегодняшний день. Ответ на вопрос о том, чем был обусловлен такой шаг и в какой степени он соответствует поставленной руандийским руководством задаче конструирования национального проекта без этнического компонента, автор пытается найти с помощью концепции «треугольника насилия» Й. Галтунга и модели трансформации конфликта с ориентацией на «позитивный мир». В частности вплоть до геноцида в стране наблюдался феномен «лингвистического империализма», проявлявшийся в дискриминации граждан, не владеющих французским языком. После геноцида (и выхода страны из орбиты влияния Франции) началось формирование новой конфигурации языков, что было направлено на вытеснение французского на второстепенные позиции по сравнению с английским ради преодоления негативных этнических стереотипов. Национальная идея «нового руандийского человека» получила поддержку за счет усиления позиций автохтонного языка киньяруанда, статус которого был пересмотрен и в правовом, и в символическом аспектах. Новая языковая политика коснулась также еще одного африканского языка: в контексте обозначенного правительством курса на интеграцию в восточноафриканское пространство статус официального получил суахили. Реализуемая в настоящий период четырехъязычная модель оценена как достаточно успешная, поскольку соответствует вкладываемым в нее символическим смыслам и практическим задачам постконфликтного мирного строительства.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Rwanda genocide</kwd>
				<kwd>language policy</kwd>
				<kwd>conflict transformation</kwd>
				<kwd>Violence Triangle</kwd>
				<kwd>nation building</kwd>
				<kwd>identity</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
				<kwd>Руанда</kwd>
				<kwd>языковая политика</kwd>
				<kwd>трансформация конфликта</kwd>
				<kwd>треугольник насилия</kwd>
				<kwd>национально-­государственное строительство</kwd>
				<kwd>идентичность</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts><page-count count="20" /></counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body></body>
	<back>
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