Typologies of Political Regimes in the Struggle for Meanings Within Arab Regime Dynamics | South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences
Typologies of Political Regimes in the Struggle for Meanings Within Arab Regime Dynamics
PDF (Russian)
https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-23-3-48-66
https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-23-3-48-66

How to Cite Array

Kharitonova O.G. (2022) Typologies of Political Regimes in the Struggle for Meanings Within Arab Regime Dynamics. South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences, 23 (3), pp. 48-66. DOI: 10.31429/26190567-23-3-48-66 (In Russian)
Submission Date 2022-11-25
Accepted Date 2022-12-28
Published Date 2023-02-28

Copyright (c) 2023 Оксана Геннадьевна Харитонова

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

The analysis of classifications and typologies of political regimes that exist in political science demonstrates that the classifications that are aimed at global comparisons at a high level of abstraction will not always capture the political shifts made within one type of regime, both because of the rapid changes in the political sphere and also because it is difficult to assess changes in different political and socio-­cultural environments. For a more accurate picture of the regime dynamism, the author recommends dropping to the middle level of the ladder of abstraction, as well as using a detailed four-level taxonomy of political regimes. On the first level of the analysis, in particular, a trichotomy was applied to distinguish between democratic, hybrid, and authoritarian regimes; the second level examines formal institutions of political regimes through a modified and updated version of the authoritarian regime type dataset first introduced by Hadenius and Teorell; the third level takes into account the legitimization basis of the regime, including its traditional (monarchical and religious), ideological, charismatic and populist forms; at the fourth level, the classification incorporates variation factors of political regime stability, such as resources (rentier regimes), repressions, and WOW-factors. The suggested taxonomization algorithm has been developed on the basis of the empirical data collected from the Arab East before and after the “Arab Spring”.

Keywords

Arab East, “Arab Spring”, political change, authoritarianism, legitimacy, regime dynamics, political regime, taxonomy of political regimes

Acknowledgements

The study was funded by RFBR within the framework of the scientific project № 20-011-00922A “The Arab State after the ‘Arab Spring’: Trajectories and Dynamics of Political Transformations.”

References

  1. Albrecht, H., Schlumberger, O. (2004). Waiting for Godot”: Regime Change Without Democratization in the Middle East. International Political Science Review, 25(4), 371–392.
  2. Anderson, L. (1991). Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, 106(1), 1–15. DOI 10.2307/2152171
  3. Antonakis, J., Bastardoz, N., Jacquart, P., & Shamir, B. (2016). Charisma: An Ill-Defined and Ill-Measured Gift. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 293–319. DOI 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062305
  4. Bank, A., Richter, T., Sunik, A. (2014) Durable, Yet Different: Monarchies in the Arab Spring. Journal of Arabian Studies, 4(2), 163–179, DOI 10.1080/21534764.2014.971647
  5. Bendix, R. (1967). Reflections on Charismatic Leadership. Asian Survey, 7(6), 341–352. DOI 10.2307/2642609
  6. Bendix, R. (1978). Kings or People. Power and the Mandate to Rule. Berkeley, University of California Press.
  7. Bonikowski, B. (2017). Ethno-nationalist Populism and the Mobilization of Collective Resentment. The British Journal of Sociology, 68(1), 181–213. DOI 10.1111/1468-4446.12325.
  8. Bratton, M., van de Walle, N. (1997). Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. N.Y., Cambridge University Press.
  9. Brownlee, J. (2007). Authoritarianism in the Age of Democratization. N. Y. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  10. Brownlee, J. (2007). Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies. World Politics, 59(4), 595–628. DOI 10.1353/wp.2008.0002.
  11. Chehabi, H.E., Linz, J.J, eds. (1998). Sultanistic regimes. Baltimore and London. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  12. Clapham C. (2004). Third World Politics: An Introduction. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  13. Easton, D. (1965). Systems Analysis of Political Life. N.Y., L., John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  14. Erdmann, G., Engel, U. (2007). Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept. Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 45(1), 95–119.
  15. Erzow, N. M., Frantz, E. (2011). Dictators and Dictatorships. Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. N.Y., The Continuum International Publishing Group.
  16. Gandhi, J., Przeworski, A. (2006). Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion under Dictatorship. Economics & Politics, 18(1), 1–26.
  17. Gandhi, J., Przeworski, A. (2007). Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats. Comparative Political Studies, 40(11), 1279–1301. DOI 10.1177/0010414007305817
  18. Geddes, B. (2006). Why Parties and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes? Revised Version of a Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association 2005. Washington, D.C.
  19. Geddes, B., Wright, J., Frantz, E. (2018). How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  20. Gerschewski, J. (2013). The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes. Democratization, 20(1), 13–38. DOI 10.1080/13510347.2013.738860
  21. Goldstone, J. A. (2011). Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies. Foreign Affairs, 90(3), 8–16.
  22. Hadenius, A., Teorell, J. (2007). Pathways from Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 18(1), 143–157. DOI 10.1353/jod.2007.0009
  23. Halpern, M. (1963). The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
  24. Herb, M. (1999). All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle East. Albany, State University of New York Press.
  25. Hinnebusch, R. A. (1984) Charisma, revolution, and state formation: Qaddafi and Libya. Third World Quarterly, 6(1), 59–73, DOI 10.1080/01436598408419755
  26. Hudson, M. C. (1977). Arab Politics. The Search for Legitimacy. New Haven and L., Yale University Press.
  27. Hudson, M.C. (2015). Arab Politics after the Uprisings Still Searching for Legitimacy. In L. Sadiki ed. Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring. Rethinking Democratization. Abingdon, Routledge, 28–38.
  28. Huntington, S. (2004). Politicheskiy poryadok v menyayushchikhsya obshchestvakh [Political Order in Changing Societies]. Moskva: Progress traditsiya.
  29. Huntington, S. (2003). Tret’ya volna. Demokratizatsiya v kontse XX veka [Third Wave. Democratization in the late XX Century]. Moskva: ROSSPEN.
  30. Jackson, R. H., Rosberg, C. G. (1984). Personal Rule: Theory and Practice in Africa. Comparative Politics, 16(4), 421–442. DOI 10.2307/421948
  31. King, Stephen J. (2020). The Arab Winter. Democratic Consolidation, Civil War, and Radical Islamists. N. Y. Cambridge University Press.
  32. Kharitonova, O. G. (2021). Kolichestvennyy analiz politicheskikh rezhimov v stranakh Arabskogo Vostoka: missiya nevypolnima? [Quantitative Research of Political Regimes in the Arab Middle East: Mission Impossible?]. Politicheskaya nauka [Political Science], 1, 135–159. DOI 10.31249/poln/2021.01.06
  33. Kharitonova, O. G. (2012). Nedemokraticheskiye politicheskiye rezhimy [Undemocratic Political Regimes]. Politicheskaya nauka [Political Science], 3, 9–30.
  34. Kosach, G. G. (2013). Saudovskaya Araviya: vlast’ i religiya [Saudi Arabia: Power and Religion]. Politicheskaya nauka [Political Science], 2, 100–125.
  35. Lee, R. D. (2014). Religion and Politics in the Middle East: Identity, Ideology, Institutions, and Attitudes. Boulder, Westview Press.
  36. Linz, J. J. (2000). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  37. Melikhov, I. А. (2006). Evolutsiia vahhabitskogo faktora v Saudovskoi Aravii [Evolution of the Wahhabist factor in Saudi Arabia]. Rossiya i musulmanskii mir [Russia and the Muslim World], 7, 67–81.
  38. Menaldo, V. (2012). The Middle East and North Africa’s Resilient Monarchs. The Journal of Politics, 74(3), 707–722. DOI 10.1017/s0022381612000436
  39. Mudde, C. (2004). The populist Zeitgeist. Government and opposition, 39(4), 542–563. DOI 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
  40. Pitcher, A. (2009). Rethinking Patrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism in Africa. African Studies Review, 52(1), 125–156. DOI 10.1353/arw.0.0163
  41. Ross, M. (2001). Does Oil Hinder Democracy? World Politics, 53, 325–361.
  42. Roth, G. (1968). Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States. World Politics, 20(2), 194–206., DOI 10.2307/2009795
  43. Sartori, G. (1970). Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics. The American Political Science Review, 64(4), 1033–1053.
  44. Schedler, A. (2002). Elections without democracy: The menu of manipulation. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 36–50.
  45. Shills, E. (1965). Charisma, Order, and Status. American Sociological Review, 30(2), 199–2I3. DOI 10.2307/2091564.
  46. Siukiyainen, L. R. (2016). Konstitutsionniy status shariata kak istochnik zakonodatelstva v arabskikh stranakh [Constitutional Status of Sharia as Asource of Legislation in the Arab States]. Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshej shkoly jekonomiki [Law. Journal of Higher School of Economics], 4, 205–222.
  47. Stepan, A., Linz, J.J. (2013). Democratization Theory and the ‘Arab Spring’. Journal of Democracy, 24(2), 14–30.
  48. Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. N.Y., Random House. Newbery Award Records Inc.
  49. Wahman, M., Teorell, J., Hadenius, A. (2013) Authoritarian Regime Types Revisited: Updated Data in Comparative Perspective. Contemporary Politics, 19(1), 19–34, DOI 10.1080/13569775.2013.773200
  50. Wintrobe, R. (1998). The Political Economy of Dictatorship. N.Y., Cambridge University Press.
  51. Wintrobe, R. (2001). How to Understand, and Deal with Dictatorship: An Economist’s View. Economics of Governance, 2, 35–58. DOI 10.1007/s10101-001-8001-x
  52. Wright, J. (2021). The Latent Characteristics That Structure Autocratic Rule. Political Science Research and Methods, 9(1), 1–19. DOI: 10.1017/psrm.2019.50