Языковая политика Республики Казахстан как механизм конструирования новой национальной идентичности | Южно-российский журнал социальных наук
Языковая политика Республики Казахстан как механизм конструирования новой национальной идентичности
Том 23 (2022) № 2, Политика идентичности
Том 23 (2022) № 2
Политика идентичности

Языковая политика Республики Казахстан как механизм конструирования новой национальной идентичности

Черничкин Д.А.
Институт исследований проблем Юга России и Прикаспия, Астраханский государственный университет им. В. Н. Татищева
ORCID ID 0000-0002-9647-7916
PDF
https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-23-2-106-128
https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-23-2-106-128

Как цитировать Array

Черничкин Д.А. Языковая политика Республики Казахстан как механизм конструирования новой национальной идентичности // Южно-российский журнал социальных наук. 2022. Т. 23, №2. С. 106-128. DOI: 10.31429/26190567-23-2-106-128
Дата поступления 2022-05-21
Дата принятия 2022-06-22
Дата публикации 2022-08-30

Copyright (c) 2022 Дмитрий Алексеевич Черничкин

Лицензия Creative Commons

Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная.

Аннотация

В статье производится анализ современной языковой ситуации в Казахстане, на основе которого даются прогнозы и определяются перспективы языковой политики Республики Казахстан. Анализируются документы о языковой политике Казахстана, рассматриваются такие заметные явления в реализации языковой политики как казахизация, латинизация казахской письменности и трёхъязычная политика. Языковая политика Республики Казахстан начиная с провозглашения независимости имела и имеет непосредственную связь с политикой национальной идентичности и проектом строительства казахстанской политической нации, в частности. Специфика казахстанского билингвизма (а начиная с 2007 г. и официально задекларированного трилингвизма) состоит, по мнению автора, в том, что консолидация национальной идентичности казахстанцев как постулируемой гражданской нации происходит на основе приоритетности казахского языка как единственного государственного и языка титульного этноса, но в то же время считается важным сохранение и продвижение развития русского как официального языка. Тем не менее определенные противоречия между двумя этими целями, а также недавние радикальные трансформации, такие как реформа письменности казахского языка или популяризация языковых патрулей, создают основания для определенной двусмысленности в плане оценки устойчивости такого рода политики языковой идентичности, что не может не вызвать критической оценки её последовательности.

Ключевые слова

язык, языковая политика, Казахстан, Россия, билингвизм, трилингвизм, латинизация, языковые патрули

Финансирование

Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-18-00301 «Процесс конструирования новых идентичностей в Каспийском макрорегионе в контексте социетальной безопасности».

Библиографические ссылки

  1. Abdygaliev, B. (2007). Yazykovaya politika v Kazakhstane: sostoyanie i perspektivy [Language Policy in Kazakhstan: Status and Prospects]. In V Kazakhskaya missiya: sbornik statey [Kazakh Mission: A Collection of Articles] (pp. 237–244.). Almaty: Dajk-Press.
  2. Administratsiya prezidenta Kazakhstana nazvala ‘yazykovye patruli’ nepriemlemymi [The Administration of the President of Kazakhstan calls(ed) the ‘Language Patrols’ Unacceptable]. TASS [TASS]. Retrieved from https://tass.com/politics/1325181
  3. Aldasheva, K.S., Sultaniyazova, I.S. (2020). Қazaқstandaғy tіl sayasaty zhәne zaңnamalyқ tұzhyrymdamalardaғy қazaқylandyrylғan leksikalyқ zhaңalyқtar mәselesі [The Issue of Kazakhized Lexical Innovations in Language Policy and Legislative Concepts in Kazakhstan]. Vestnik ZKGU [Bulletin of WKGU], 3(79), 93–102.
  4. Altynbekova, O. B. (2006). Etnoyazykovyye protsessy v Kazakhstane [Ethno-linguistic Processes in Kazakhstan]. Almaty: Ekonomika.
  5. Amen, A. Zh., Kenzhegulova, A. A. (2021). Issledovaniye otnosheniya zhiteley Zapadno-Kazakhstanskoy oblasti k gosudarstvennomu yazyku i perspektive yego razvitiya (po rezul’tatam sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniya) [Study of The Attitude of Residents of the West Kazakhstan Region to the State Language and the Prospects for Its Development (Based on The Results of a Sociological Study)]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Sotsiologiya. Politologiya. Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya [Bulletin of Udmurt University. Sociology. Political Science. International Relations], 5(2), 155–163.
  6. Areiza Londoño, R. (2011). Lenguas en Contacto o Lenguas en Conflicto. Lenguas en Contacto y Bilingüalismo, 4, 11–20.
  7. Ayrapetyan, A. S. (2015). Yazykovaya politika Respubliki Kazakhstan v usloviyakh yevraziyskoy integratsii [Language Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Conditions of Eurasian Integration]. Sovremennyye yevraziyskiye issledovaniya [Contemporary Eurasian Studies], 2, 27–34.
  8. Bayandina, S. Zh. (2014). Yazykovaya situaciya v Respublike Kazahstan [Language Situation in Kazakhstan]. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnyh i fundamental’nyh issledovaniy [International Journal of Applied and Basic Research], 9–1, 197–200.
  9. Byram, M. (2006). Languages and Identities. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Language Policy Division.
  10. Corntassel, J. (2003). Who is Indigenous? ‘Peoplehood’ and Ethnonationist Approaches to Rearticulating Indigenous Identity. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 9(1), 75–100.
  11. Edensor, T. (2002). National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
  12. Edwige, M., Martineau, J. (2022 august 28). Language as a Tool for Building and Asserting Identity. Retrieved from https://apropos.erudit.org/concepts-language/?lang=en
  13. Emel’yanov, I. (2021, August 21). Yevgeniy Primakov: Druzhba narodov zakanchivayetsya, nachinayutsya natsional’nyye interesy [Yevgeniy Primakov: Friendship of Peoples Ends, National Interests Begin]. Komsomol’skaya pravdhttps://www.kp.ru/daily/28316/4458787/
  14. Esipova, E. Gradirovskiy, S. N. (2008, October 28) Russkiy yazyk na postsovetskom prostranstve [Russian Language in the Post-Soviet Space]. Nezavisimaya gazeta [Independent Newspaper]. Retrieved from http://www.ng.ru/scenario/2008-10-28/14_russlang.html
  15. Frik, T.B. (2013). Osnovy teorii mezhkul’turnoy kommunikatsii [Fundamentals of the Theory of Intercultural Communication]. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta.
  16. Gosudarstvennaya programma razvitiya i funktsionirovaniya yazykov v Respublike Kazakhstan na 2011–2020 gody [The State Program for the Development and Functioning of Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011–2020]. Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U1100000110
  17. Green, J. (2009). The Complexity of Indigenous Identity Formation and Politics in Canada: Self Determination and Decolonisation. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, 2, 36–46.
  18. Gromova, V.M. (2008). Rol’ yazyka v konstruirovanii identichnosti [The Role of language in the Construction of Identity]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Istoriya i filologiya [Bulletin of the Udmurt University. History and Philology], 3, 31–34.
  19. Hasanuly, B. (2001). Razvitiye gosudarstvennogo i drugikh yazykov — faktor demokratizatsii Respubliki Kazakhstan [The Development of the State and Other Languages is a Factor in the Democratization of the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Vestnik Pavlodarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. Sociologicheskie nauki [Bulletin of Pavlodar State University. Ser. Sociological Sciences], 1, 166–176.
  20. Itogovyy otchet yezhekvartal’nogo sotsiologicheskogo oprosa. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya naseleniya po osnovnym napravleniyam razvitiya regiona [The Final Report of the Quarterly Sociological Survey. Monitoring of the Public Opinion on the Main Directions of the Region’s Development] (2018). Atyrau.
  21. Jaspal, R. (2009 September). Language and Social Identity: A Psychological Approach. Psych-Talk, 20, 17–20.
  22. Kazakhstantsy prosyat Tokayeva sozdat’ besplatnyye tsentry kazakhskogo yazyka [The Kazakhs Ask Tokayev to Set up Free Kazakh Language Centers]. Retrieved from https://bizmedia.kz/2022/10/21/prosyat-tokaeva-sozdat-czentry-kaz-yazyka/
  23. Konovalov, A. P. (2014). Some National Linguistic Trends in Kazakhstan (Sociological Survey Among Residents of Astana — the Capital of Kazakhstan). In Isolation and Unification Vectors in the Social Development Coordinate System (pр. 27–31). London.
  24. Konstituciya Respubliki Belarus’. Prezident Respubliki Belarus’ [Constitution of the Republic of Belarus. President of the Republic of Belarus]. Retrieved from https://president.gov.by/ru/gosudarstvo/constitution
  25. Konstitutsiya Respubliki Kazahstan 1993 g. [Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1993]. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1010212&pos=4;-114#pos=4;-114
  26. Konstitutsiya Respubliki Kazahstan 1995 g. [Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1995]. Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K950001000
  27. Konstitutsiya Respubliki Kazahstan. Stat’ya 7. Қazaқstan Respublikasy Prezidentіnің. resmi sajty. [Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Article 7. of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Official Site]. Retrieved from https://www.akorda.kz/kz/official_documents/constitution
  28. Konstitutsiya Қazaқstan Respublikasy Prezidentіnің. resmi sajty [Constitution. of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. official site]. Retrieved from https://www.akorda.kz/kz/official_documents/constitution
  29. Lobanova, L. A., Mogileva, I. B. (2008). Status russkogo yazyka na postsovetskom prostranstve [The status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet Space]. Vestnik MGIMO [MGIMO Review of International Relations], 3(3), 81–83.
  30. Maddison, S. (2013). Indigenous Identity, ‘Authenticity’ and the Structural Violence of Settler Colonialism. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 20(3), 288–303.
  31. Nazarbaev podpisal ukaz o perekhode Kazakhstana na latinitsu [Nazarbaev Signed a Decree on Kazakhstan’s Transition to the Latin Alphabet]. Retrieved from https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/59f29bae9a7947826bbf6ab4
  32. Neodnoznachnaya situatsiya v yazykovoy sfere Kazakhstana (po rezul’tatam sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniya) [Ambiguous Situation in the Sphere of Language in Kazakhstan (the Results of Sociological Research)]. Tsentr aktual’nykh issledovaniy "Al’ternativa" [Center for Contemporary Research "Alternative"]. Retrieved from http://www.alternativakz.com/
  33. Nysanbaev, A. N., Burova, E. E., Sajlaubekkyzy, A. (2019). Osobennosti identichnosti kazakhstantsev v usloviyakh polikul’turnogo obshchestva [Special Aspects of Kazakhstanis’ Identity in The Context of Multicultural Society]. Sociologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Research], 7, 37–47. DOI 10.31857/S013216250005791-3
  34. Otkrytyy dialog 2.0: Dauren Abayev o diskriminatsii russkogo yazyka, itogakh Olimpiady i kadrovykh resheniyakh [Open Dialogue 2.0: Dauren Abaev on Discrimination against the Russian Language, the Results of the Olympiad and Personnel Decisions]. YouTube [YouTube]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2cjhnEmiv4
  35. Petitsiya o sozdanii tsentrov kazakhskogo yazyka dlya besplatnogo, dostupnogo i dobrovol’nogo izucheniya grazhdanami RK i inostrantsami [The Petition of Opening of the Kazakh Language Centers for Free, Accessible and Voluntary Learning by Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Foreigners]. Retrieved from https://alash.online/1487-kz.html
  36. Pitina, S. A. (2018). Osobennosti pereimenovaniya toponimov v Rossii, Kazakhstane i na Ukraine v kontekste yazykovoy politiki [Pecularities of Place Names Renaming in Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine in the Context of Language Policy]. Znak: problemnoe pole mediaobrazovaniya [Sign: Problematic Field of Media Education], 4(30), 74–82.
  37. Rasporyazheniye Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 4 noyabrya 1996 goda № 3186 "O Kontseptsii yazykovoy politiki Respubliki Kazakhstan" [Presidential Order No. 3186 of November 4, 1996 "On the Concept of Language Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan"]. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007224&pos=3;-86#pos=3;-86
  38. Results of the National Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2021. Retrieved from https://stat.gov.kz/for_users/national/2020
  39. Riahanov, Sh. (2021). Yazykovaya politika i problema natsional’noy identichnosti v sovremennoy Respublike Kazakhstan [Language Policy and the Problem of National Identity in the Modern Republic of Kazakhstan]. East European Scientific Journal [East European Scientific Journal], 9(73), 24–30.
  40. Rusofobiya v Kazakhstane vykhodit na gosudarstvennyy uroven’ [Russophobia in Kazakhstan Reaches the State Level]. Polit Navigator [Polit Navigator]. Retrieved from https://www.politnavigator.net/rusofobiya-v-kazakhstane-vykhodit-na-gosudarstvennyjj-uroven.html
  41. Savin, I. S. (2001). Realizatsiya i rezul’taty kul’turno-yazykovoy i obrazovatel’noy politiki v Kazakhstane v 1990-yye gody [Implementation and results of cultural, language and educational policy in Kazakhstan in the 1990s]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie [Ethnographic Review], 6, 113–114.
  42. Schmidt, U. (2008). Language Loss and the Ethnic Identity of Minorities. Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues.
  43. Se Chzhou, Van Fan. (2020). Yazykovaya politika Respubliki Kazakhstan v kontekste sotsiokul’turnykh protsessov [Language Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Context of Socio-cultural Processes]. Verkhnevolzhskiy filologicheskiy vestnik [Upper Volga Philological Bulletin], 3(22), 220–231. DOI 10.20323/2499-9679-2020-3-22-219-230
  44. Semenenko, I.S. (Eds). (2017). Identichnost’: Lichnost’, obshchestvo, politika. Enciklopedicheskoe izdanie [Identity: The Individual, Society and politics. Encyclopedic Edition]. Moskva: IMEMO RAN, Ves’ Mir.
  45. Shalgimbekova, K. S. (2013). Funktsionirovanie russkogo yazyka v yazykovom prostranstve Kazahstana [The Functioning of the Russian Language in the Linguistic Space of Kazakhstan]. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk University], 1, 20–25.
  46. Shveytser, A. D. (1976). Sovremennaya sotsiolingvistika: teoriya, problemy, metody [Modern Sociolinguistics: Theory, Problems, Methods]. Moskva: Nauka.
  47. Sikevich, E.V. (1999). Sotsiologiya i psikhologiya natsional’nykh otnosheniy [Sociology and Psychology of National Relations]. SPb.: Izd-vo Mihaylova V. A.
  48. Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2008). Human Rights and Language Policy in Education. In S. May, M. Hornberger (Eds). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2 ed. (pp. 107–119). New York: Springer.
  49. Skutnabb-Kangas, T., Dunbar, R. (2010). Indigenous Children’s Education as Linguistic Genocide and a Crime Against Humanity? A Global View. GálduČála, Journal of Indigenous Peoples Rights, 1, 7–126.
  50. Smagulova, J. (2021). When Language Policy is not Enough. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 267–268, 265–269. DOI 10.1515/ijsl-2020–0101
  51. Smailova, A. A. (2009). Itogi natsional’noy perepisi naseleniya v Respublike Kazakhstan 2009 goda [Results of the 2009 National Population Census in the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Analiticheskiy otchet. Astana.
  52. Suleymenova, E. D., Shaymerdenova, N. Zh., Smagulova, Zh. S., Akanova, D. Kh. (Ed.). (2007). Slovar’ sotsiolingvisticheskikh terminov. Izdanie 2-e, dopolnennoe i pererabotannoe [Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms. 2nd Edition, Revised and Updated]. Almaty: Kazakh Yuniversity.
  53. Sultan, D. S., Sabirova, D. R. (2018). Sovremennaya yazykovaya politika v Respublike Kazakhstan [Language Policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Kazanskiy vestnik molodykh uchenykh [Kazan Bulletin of Young Scientists], 5(8), 60–62.
  54. Suslova, E. (2018 February 20). Kuda yazyk dovedet: pochemu Kazakhstan pereshel na latinitsu [Where the Language will Lead: Why Kazakhstan Switched to the Latin Alphabet]. Gazeta ru [Newspaper ru]. Retrieved from https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2018/02/20_a_11657323.shtml
  55. Toқaev, Қ. (2020). Қazaқtyң tіlі — қazaқtyң zhany! Egemen Қazaқstan [The Language of the Kazakh is the Soul of the Kazakh! Independent Kazakhstan]. Retrieved from https://egemen.kz/article/186791-qtoqaev-qazaqtynh-tili-%E2%80%93-qazaqtynh-dgany
  56. Turgaleyeva, А. T., Kakimzhanova, M. K., Tolymkhanova, G. A. (2022). Language Policy and Ideology in Kazakhstan: Ethnic Russians’ Attitudes toward the State Language Use. Adam alemi, 92, 125–132. DOI 0/2022.2/1999-5849.12
  57. Vzglyad v budushchee: modernizatsiya obshchestvennogo soznaniya. Қazaқstan Respublikasy Prezidentіnің resmi sajty [Looking to the Future: Modernization of Public Consciousness. Official Site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Retrieved from https://www.akorda.kz/kz/events/akorda_news/press_conferences/memleket-basshysynyn-bolashakka-bagdar-ruhani-zhangyru-atty-makalasy
  58. Yacenko, E. (2008). Nuzhen li russkiy yazyk v SNG? [Is Russian required in the CIS?]. Retrieved from http://www.rian.ru/analytics/20080304/100581741.html
  59. Zakon o yazykakh v Kazakhskoy Sovetskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Respublike 1989 g. [The Law on Languages in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic of 1989]. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1005765&pos=3;-104#pos=3;-104
  60. Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 11 iyulya 1997 goda № 151-I "O yazykakh v Respublike Kazakhstan" [Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan of July 11, 1997 № 151-I "On languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan"]. Retrieved from https://www.kaznu.kz/ru/1969
  61. Zelenshchikov, A. V., Homyakova, E. G. (Eds). (2014). Yazyk kak kul’turnyy kod nacii [Language as a Cultural Code of the Nation]. SPb.: Izdatel’stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta.
  62. Zwisler, J. J. (2015). Linguicide and Identity: A Multigenerational Study in Indigenous Identity. Thesis. Melbourne: Monash University.