Abstract
The article presents the findings of a major empirical study into socio-political user-generated content produced in the online space of the 22 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as socio-political content generated by the candidates for governor of th same 22 constituent entities in 2018–2019. The methodological basis of the research into socio-political content and regional discourses of modern Russia is network analysis, whose theoretical basis is the methods of mathematical modelling of social networks and communities. At the second stage, network analysis was enhanced by cultural components of social action (local practices and contexts, discourses, repertoires and norms); therefore, the traditional methodology of mathematical analysis of social networks (i. e. structural network analysis) was supplemented with the methods of relational sociology and linguo-discursive analysis. Linguo-discursive analysis was used to interpret the processes of creation and development of meanings and contexts in political discourse generated both by social networks and communities, and candidates for governor likewise. Parsing of network data and linguo-discursive analysis was applied to research online political content generated in the online space of 22 constituent entities of the RF was carried out via operational hybrid toolset, a computer software program “Structural relational parsing of political content”. The empirical basis of the research comprises the content generated by the communities on Vkontakte social platform (online network communities “Tipichnyj” (“Typical”) representing 22 constituent entities of the RF and online network communities “Podslushano” (“Overheard”) representing 21 constituent entities of the RF), and the lectoral materials of the candidates for the governor in the 22 constituent entities of the RF. The analysis of research findings enabled us to group the regions according to the identified intersection points and fault lines in public discourse and the agenda shaped by the candidates for governor in their election programs. These are a “Zero tension” group, a “Prevention of Tension” group, a “Critical Tension”, and a “Prominent Tension” group. Such research into political content generated by people and governmental representatives in the regional public online space is highly warranted as it provides revolutionary new qualitative and quantitative insights into the socio-political situation of the RF regions; it can be applied to enhance effective communication between the authorities and civil society and allow to identify potential points of growth for protest sentiments capable of developing in online social networks and communities likewise.
Keywords
Acknowledgements
The research was carried out through the financial support of the The Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Department of Humanitarian and Social Science), the research project no. 18-011-00910 entitled (The models and practices of political content management in modern states’ online space in the “the Post-Truth” Era.) (2018–2020).References
- Ackland, R., Gibson, R. (2013). Hyperlinks and Networked communication: A comparative Study of Political Parties Online. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(3), 231–244. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2013.774179;
- Alefirenko, N. F. (2014). Formation and Development of Discourse Linguistic Theory. XLinguae. European Scientific Language Journal, 7(2), 32–45.
- Batorski, D., Grzywinska, I. (2017). Three Dimensions of the Public Sphere on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 1, 1–19. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1281329
- Bennett, W.L., Segerberg, A. (2012). The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–768. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2012.670661
- Crystal, D. (2003). Language and the Internet. Cambridge University Press.
- Dowling, C. M., Wichowsky, A. (2015). Attacks without Consequence? Candidates, Parties, Groups, and the Changing Face of Negative Advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 19–36.
- González-Bailón, S., Wang, N. (2016). Networked Discontent: The Anatomy of Protest Campaigns in Social Media. Social Networks, 44, 95–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.07.003
- Goroshko, E. A. (2013). Lingvistika novyh medij kak odin iz vyzovov lingvisticheskoj tradicii proshlogo [Linguistics of New Media as One of the Challenges of the Linguistic Tradition of the Past]. Moscow.
- Harlow, S. Harp, D. (2011). Collective Action on the Web: A Cross-cultural Study of Social Networking Sites and Online and Offline Activism in the United States and Latin America. Information, Communication & Society, 15(2), 196–216. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2011.591411
- Jones, R. H., Chik, A., Hafner, C.A. (2015). Discourse and Digital Practices: Doing Discourse Analysis in the Digital Era. N.Y.: Routledge.
- Jost, J. T., Barbera, P., Bonneau, R., Langer, M. (2018). How Social Media Facilitates Political Protest: Social Media and Political Protest. Political Psychology, 39(11), 85–118. DOI: 10.1111/pops.12478
- Kahn, E. V. (2017). Heshtegi kak novoe lingvisticheskoe javlenie [Hashtags as a new Linguistic Phenomenon]. Filologicheskij aspekt [Philological Aspect], 1(21), 91–98.
- Katermina, V. V., Gnedash, A. A. (2018). Formirovanie politicheskogo kontenta v onlain-prostranstve: strukturno-setevoi i lingvodiskursivnyi analizy sovremennykh social'nykh dvizhenii (na primere “WOMEN’S MARCH”) [Formation of Political Content in Online Space: a Structural-Network and Linguodiscursive Analyses of Modern Social Movements (as exemplified by “Women’s March”)]. Politicheskaja lingvistika [Political Linguistics], 4(70), 103–111.
- Kognitivnaja lingvistika (2011). [Cognitive linguistics]. St. Petersburg: Filologicheskij fakul'tet SPbGU [Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University].
- Maitseva, D. V. (2014). Relyacionnaya sociologiya: novyj etap v razvitii analiza social'nyh setej ili samostojatel'noe napravlenie? [Relational Sociology: a New Stage in the Development of the Analysis of Social Networks or an Independent Direction?]. Monitoring obshhestvennogo mnenija: Ekonomicheskie i social'nye peremeny [Monitoring Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes], 4(122), 3–14.
- Martynov, K. (2012). Ot slaktivizma k respublike: pochemu internet revolyucii stanovyatsya real'nost'yu [From Slaktivism to the Republic: Why Internet Revolution is Becoming a Reality]. Logos [The Logos], 86(2), 19–27.
- Masías, V. H., Hecking, T., Hoppe, H. U. (2018). Exploring the Relationship Between Social Networking Site Usage and Participation in Protest Activities. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2018.00056
- Mische, A. (2011). Relational Sociology. Culture, and Agency. In J. G. Scott, P. J. Carrington (Eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis (pp. 80–98). SAGE Publications.
- Naybet, T., Roda, K. (2009). Virtual'nye social'nye prostranstva: podkhody, praktiki, perspektivy [Virtual Social Spaces: Approaches, Practices, Prospects]. Sociologicheski ezhegodnik: sb. nauch. tr. [Sociological Yearbook]. Moscow: RAN.
- Ridout T. N. (ed.) New Directions in Media and Politics (2018). London: Routledge.
- Pearson, M. (2017). Teaching Media Law in a Post-truth Context: Strategies for Enhancing Learning about the Legal Risks of Fake News and Alternative Facts. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 27(1), 17–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X17704289
- Ridout, T. N., Fowler, E. F., Branstetter, J., Borah, P. (2015). Politics as usual? When and why traditional actors often dominate YouTube campaigning. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 12(3), 237–251.
- Ridout, T. N., Franz, M., Fowler, E. F. (2015). Sponsorship, disclosure, and donors: Limiting the impact of outside group ads. Political Research Quarterly, 68(1), 154–166.
- Robinson, P., Nick, C. Е. (2008). Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition. New York And London: Routledge.
- Ryabchenko, N. A., Gnedash, A. A., Malysheva, O. P. (2019). Upravlenie politicheskim kontentom v social'nyh setyah v period predvybornoji kampanii v epohu postpravdy [Presidential Campaign in the Post Truth Era: Innovative Digital Technologies of Political Content Management in Social Networks]. Politicheskie issledovaniia [Polis. Political Studies], 2, 92–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2019.02.07.
- Ryabchenko, N. A., Katermina, V. V., Gnedash, A. A., Malysheva, O. P. (2018). Politicheskj kontent social'nyh dvizhenij v onlajn-prostranstve sovremennyh gosudarstv: metodologiya analiza i issledovatel'skaya praktika [Political Content of Social Movements in the Online Space of Modern States: Methodology of the Analysis and Research Practices]. Yuzhno-rossijskij zhurnal social'nyh nauk [South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences], 3, 139–162.
- Ryabchenko, N. A., Katermina, V. V., Gnedash, A. A., Vulfovich, B. G. (2019). Regional'nyj politicheskij diskurs: teoreticheskaya model', metodologiya issledovaniya i praktiki upravleniya politicheskim kontentom v onlajn-prostranstve subektov RF [Regional Political Discourse: Theoretical Model, Methodology of Research and Practice of Managing Political Content in the Online Space of the Russian Federation Subjects]. Politicheskaja lingvistika [Political Linguistics], 5(77), 114–131. DOI 10.26170/pl19-05-12;
- Shomova, S. A. (2019). Vybory prezidenta RF — 2018 v zerkale memov: novye realii politicheskoj kommunikativistiki [Presidential Election in the Mirror of Memes: New Realities of Political Communication]. Politicheskie issledovaniia [Polis. Political Studies], 3, 157–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2019.03.10
- Smith D. N., Hanley E. (2018). The Anger Games: Who Voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 Election, and Why? Critical Sociology, 44(2), 195–212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920517740615
- Smith, М., Kollack, Р. (1999). Communities in Cyberspace. London: Routledge,
- Soroka, S., McAdams, S. (2015). News, Politics, and Negativity. Political Communication, 32(1), 1–22.
- Stevens, D. (2012). Tone Versus Information: Explaining the Impact of Negative Political Advertising. Journal of Political Marketing, 11(4), 322–352.
- Strach, P., Zuber, K., Fowler, E. F., Ridout, T. N., Searles, K. (2015). In a Different Voice? Explaining the Use of Men and Women as Voice-Over Announcers in Political Advertising. Political Communication, 32(2), 183–205.
- Tendencii monetizacii kontenta v Internete: Mediapotreblenie v Rossii (2019). [Internet Content Monetization Trends: Media Consumption in Russia — 2019]. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/ru/ru/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/media-consumption-in-russia.html
- Thai My, T., Pardalos Panos, M. (2011). Handbook of Optimization in Complex Networks: Communication and Social Networks. New York: Springer.
- The Age of Perplexity: Rethinking the World we Knew. (2018). New York: Penguin.
- Theocharis, Y. (2015). The Conceptualization of Digitally Networked Participation. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115610140
- Theocharis, Y., Lowe, W., Deth van J.W., García-Albacete, G. (2015). Using Twitter to Mobilize Protest Action: Online Mobilization Patterns and Action Repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados, and Aganaktismenoi Movements. Information, Communication & Society, 18(2), 202–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.948035
- Valentino, N. A., Nardis, Y. (2013). Political Communication: Form and Consequence of the Information Environment. In L. Huddy, D. O. Sears, & J. S. Levy (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp. 559–590). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wallis, J., Given, L. M. (2016). #digitalactivism: New Media and Political Protest. First Monday, 21(2). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i2.5879
- Wellman, B. (2008). The Development of Social Network Analysis: a Study in the Sociology of Science by Linton C. Freeman. Contemporary Sociology, 37(3), 221–222.
- Wong, S., Altman, E., Rojas-Mora, J. (2011). Internet Access: Where Law, Economy, Culture and Technology Meet. Computer Networks, 55(2), 470–479.