Аннотация
В статье представлен обзор исследований вопросов трансформации института выборов в период пандемии COVID‑19. Обзор охватывает академическую и экспертную литературу 2020–2021 годов. Охарактеризованы основные исследовательские центры, изучающие влияние пандемии на избирательный процесс. Выявлены основные направления, важнейшие аргументы и результаты дискуссии о допустимости переноса выборов в период пандемии. Установлено, что в течение 2020 года большинство исследователей обосновывали целесообразность переноса выборов перед альтернативой искажения процедур избирательной кампании. Выявлена исключительно высокая степень солидарности между исследователями в вопросе о том, что решения о выборах в период пандемии должны приниматься на основе широкого политического консенсуса. Рассмотрены вопросы введения и распространения новых процедур голосования во время пандемии. Установлены различия между американскими и европейскими экспертами в отношении к перспективам и приемлемости распространения альтернативных процедур голосования. В рассматриваемый период не сформировались устойчивые тенденции в понимании и интерпретации произошедших электоральных изменений. Существующие методологические установки, в частности непопулярность традиционного институционализма, препятствуют комплексному изучению трансформации электоральных институтов в современной науке. Впервые за несколько десятилетий рассмотрения электоральных институтов в англоязычной науке пресеклось доминирование либеральных идеологических ценностей. На современном этапе развития представлений об организации выборов ценностные и правовые ориентиры уступают первенство прагматическому подходу. Пандемия может приостановить дальнейшее развитие избирательных стандартов.
Ключевые слова
Финансирование
Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ-ЭИСИ в рамках научного проекта № 21-011-31777 «Трансформация института выборов в период пандемии COVID-19: от временных мер до перспективных новаций».
Библиографические ссылки
- Atkinson, V., Applegate, M., Aaberg, R. (2020). Inclusion and Meaningful Political Participation. IFES. Retrieved from https://www.ifes.org/publications/ifes-covid-19-briefing-series-inclusion-and-meaningful-political-participation
- Baccini, L., Brodeur, A., Weymouth, S. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic and the 2020 US Presidential Election. Journal of Population Economics, 34(2), 739–767. DOI: 10.1007/s00148-020-00820-3
- Baranov, N. A. (2021). Vybory kak institut doveriya ili nedoveriya v postpandemiynom mire [Elections as an Institution of Trust or Distrust in a Post-pandemic World]. In O. V. Gaman-Golutvina, L. V. Smorgunov, L. N. Timofeeva (Ed.). Rossiia i politicheskiy poryadok v menyayushchemsya mire: tsennosti, instituty, perspektivy [Russia and the Political Order in a Changing World: Values, Institutions, Prospects] (pp. 58–59). Moscow: Aspekt-press.
- Baranov, N. A. (2022). Sotrudnichestvo stran v adaptatsii elektoral’nyh praktik k usloviyam pandemii: mezhdunarodnyy opyt i nacional’nye osobennosti [Country Cooperation in Adapting Electoral Practices to Pandemic Conditions: International Experience and National Peculiarities]. In V. I. Gerasimov (Ed.) Bol’shaya Evraziya: Razvitie, bezopasnost’, sotrudnichestvo [Greater Eurasia: Development, Security, Cooperation] (pp.363–367). Moscow: INION RAS.
- Buril, F., Darnolf, S., Aseresa, M. (2020). Safeguarding Health and Elections. IFES. Retrieved from https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/ifes_covid-19_briefing_series_safeguarding_health_and_elections_may_2020.pdf
- Birch, S., et al. (2021). How to Hold Elections Safely and Democratically During the COVID-19 Pandemic. London: The British Academy.
- Dulani, B., Harris, A., Lust, E., Karen, K., Kao, K., Jansson, C., Metheney, E. A. (2021). Elections in the Time of COVID-19: The Triple Crises around Malawi’s 2020 Presidential Elections. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 31, 56–68. DOI: 10.1080/17457289.2021.1924745
- Ellena, K. (2020). Legal Considerations When Delaying or Adapting Elections. IFES. Retrieved from https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/ifes_covid-19_briefing_series_legal_considerations_when_delaying_or_adapting_elections_june_2020.pdf
- Europarliament (2020). Coronavirus and Elections in Selected Member States. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/651969/EPRS_BRI(2020)651969_EN.pdf
- Grishin, N. V., Leenders, A. M. (2020). Detsentralizatsiya sistemy upravleniya vyborami [Decentralization of Electoral Governance]. Politiya: Analiz. Khronika. Prognoz (Zhurnal politicheskoy filosofii i sotsiologii politiki) [Politia: Analysis. Chronicle. Forecast (Journal of Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics)], 3, 99–115. DOI: 10.30570/2078-5089-2020-98-3-99-115
- Grishin, N. V., Leenders, A. M. (2021). Pandemiya COVID-19 kak katalizator dolgosrochnykh izmenenii instituta vyborov [The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Catalyst for Long-Term Changes in the Institution of Elections]. In O. V. Gaman-Golutvina, L. V. Smorgunov, L. N. Timofeeva (Ed.) Rossiya i politicheskiy poryadok v menyayushchemsya mire: tsennosti, instituty, perspektivy [Russia and the Political Order in a Changing World: Values, Institutions, Prospects] (pp. 144–145). Moscow: Aspekt-press.
- IFES (2020). Elections Postponed Due to COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/elections_postponed_due_to_covid-19.pdf
- IFES (2020). Featured elections held and mitigating measures taken during COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/elections_held_and_mitigating_measures_taken_during_covid-19.pdf
- IFES (2020). Guidelines and Recommendations for Electoral Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.electionguide.org/digest/post/17592/
- International IDEA (2020). Elections and COVID-19: Technical Paper. Stockholm: International IDEA.
- International IDEA. (2020). Managing Elections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for Decision-Makers. Stockholm: International IDEA.
- James, T. S., Alihodzic, S. (2020). When is it Democratic to Postpone an Election? Elections during Natural Disasters, COVID-19 and Emergency Situations. Election Law Journal, 19(3), 344–362. DOI: 10.1089/elj.2020.0642
- James, T.S. (2021). New Development: Running Elections during a Pandemic. Public Money & Management, 44(1), 65–68. DOI: 10.1080/09540962.2020.1783084.
- Kousser, T., Hill, S., Lockhart, M., Merolla, J. L., Romero, M. (2021). How do Americans Want Elections to Be Run during The COVID-19 Crisis? Research & Politics. DOI: 10.1177/20531680211012228
- Krimmer, R., Duenas-Cid, D., & Krivonosova, I. (2020). Debate: Safeguarding Democracy during Pandemics. Social Distancing, Postal, or Internet Voting — the Good, the Bad or the Ugly? Public Money & Management, 41(1), 8–10.
- Krivonosova, I. (2020). Electoral Events in Russia during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Remote Electronic Voting, Outdoor Voting and Other Innovations. Stockholm: International IDEA.
- Landman, T., Splendore, L. D. G. (2020). Pandemic Democracy: Elections and COVID-19. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7–8): 1–7. DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1765003
- Leenders, A. M. (2021). Vliyanie pandemii COVID-19 na dolgosrochnye izmeneniya gosudarstvennoy elektoral’noy politiki [The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Long-term Changes in State Electoral Politics]. In R. V. Yevstifeyev (ed.). Rossiyskaya gosudarstvennost’ na puti v budushcheye: traditsii i trayektorii politiko-pravovykh reform [Russian Statehood on the Way to the Future: Traditions and Trajectories of Political and Legal Reforms] (pp. 169–173). Vladimir: Vladimir branch of RANEPA.
- Macdonald, R., Molony, T. (2021). Holding Elections during Future Pandemics and Other Emergencies: Evidence-Based Recommendations. London: Westminster Foundation for Democracy.
- Matlosa, K. (2021). Pouring Salt into the Wound: The Crisis of International Election Observation and COVID-19 in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(8), 1967–1981. DOI: 10.1177/0021909621999402
- Morozova, O. S. (2021). Vlianie pandemii na vnedrenie v praktiku vyborov osobyh sposobov organizatsii golosovaniya [The Impact of the Pandemic on the Introduction of Special Voting Arrangements into Electoral Practice]. In O. V. Gaman-Golutvina, L. V. Smorgunov, L. N. Timofeeva (Ed.) Rossiya i politicheskiy poryadok v menyayushchemsya mire: tsennosti, instituty, perspektivy [Russia and the Political Order in a Changing World: Values, Institutions, Prospects] (pp. 343–344). Moscow: Aspekt-press.
- Pal, M. (2021). A Pandemic Federal Election. SSRN Electronic Journal. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3828002
- Petrov, J. (2020). The COVID-19 Emergency in the Age of Executive Aggrandizement: What Role for Legislative and Judicial Checks. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 8(1–2), 1–22. DOI: 10.1080/20508840.2020.1788232
- Rambaud, R. (2020). Holding or Postponing Elections During a COVID-19 Outbreak: Constitutional, Legal and Political Challenges in France. International IDEA.
- Reppell, L., Martin-Rozumiłowicz, B., Mohan, V. (2020). Preserving Electoral Integrity during an Infodemic. IFES.
- Slim, H. (2020). Electoral Process in Africa: The Impact of COVID-19 and Challenges for the EU. European View, 19(2), 212–221. DOI: 10.1177/1781685820971223
- Stewart, I. (2020, September 5). UK Government to Fund International Covid-19 Studies in Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-government-to-fund-international-covid-19-studies-in-scotland
- Tarouco, G. (2021). COVID-19 and the Brazilian 2020 Municipal Elections. Stockholm: International IDEA.
- Venice Commission (2020). Respect for Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law During States of Emergency — Reflections. CDL-PI(2020)005rev
- Youde, J. (2021). America’s Pandemic Election. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 75(2), 121–128. DOI: 10.1080/10357718.2021.1875985
- Zakuskin, A. A. (2020). Budut li novye perenosy dat golosovaniya? [Will There be New Postponements of Voting Dates?]. Evraziyskiy soyuz uchenykh [Eurasian Union of Scientists], 9–7(78), 51–53.