Section
DOI
https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-19-4-92-108How to Cite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2018 Мария Стойчева
Abstract
The paper considers the extent to which European cultural identity can be shaped through EU cultural policy. It follows the chronology of the EU cultural policy aiming to identify its capacity to build a cultural identity for the Europe of the EU. In the same line of reasoning it attempts to find what its evolution could tell us about European identity and the potential of identification with the EU. Three periods in the historical overview of the EU cultural policy are distinguished from the beginning of the process of European integration to the adoption of the first strategy for culture, which includes a new understanding of the role of culture in the framework of EU policies. Drawing on the assumption that the cultural dimension of European identity is ‘bound’ with national identity, the dynamics of the formation and outlining of the scope of the EU cultural policy draws the attention to the cultural aspect of the understanding of European identity. The process of shaping of the EU cultural policy in the family of EU policies is inseparable from the dynamics and the awareness of the necessity of application of political instruments for formation of ‘cultural identity’ of ‘Europe of the EU’, although the main outcomes of EU action in cultural matters are limited.
Keywords
References
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflection on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Barnett, C. (2001). Culture, policy and subsidiarity in the European Union: From symbolic identity to the governmentalisation of culture. Political Geography, 20 (4), 405–426.
Beukel, E. (2001). ‘Educational policy institutionalization and multi-level governance’. In S. Anderson and K. Eliassen (Eds.) Making Policy in Europe (124–39). London: Sage.
Bruter, M. (2005). Citizens of Europe? The Emergence of Mass European Identity. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Calhoun, C. (2001). The virtues of inconsistency: identity and plurality in the conceptualization of Europe. In Cederman, Lars-Erik, (Eds.) Constructing Europe’s Identity: the External Dimension. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, CO, USA.
Council of the European Communities (1996). First Report on the Consideration of Cultural Aspects in European Community Action. Brussels: European Commission.
Council of the European Communities (1992). New Prospects for Community Cultural Action. COM 92 149/Final, 29 April. Brussels: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.
Council of the EU (2007). Resolution of the Council of 16 November 2007 on a European Agenda for Culture. OJ C287, 29.11.2007
Delanty, G. (1995). Inventing Europe. Idea, Identity, reality. Palgrave Macmillan.
Delanty, G. (2003). Conceptions of Europe: A Review of Recent Trends. European Journal of Social Theory, 6 (4), 471–88.
Delors, J. (1999). Reuniting Europe: Our Historic Mission. Aspen Institute.
Document on the European Identity (DEI), published by the Nine Foreign Ministers (Copenhagen, 14 December 1973). Retrieved from http://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/02798dc9–9c69–4b7d-b2c9-f03a8db7da32/publishable_en.pdf
Ellmeier, A. & Rasky, B. (1998). Cultural policy in Europe — European cultural policy. Vienna: Österreicher Kulturdokumentation.
Esmein, B. (1999). ‘Les politiques de 1’Union Europeґenne dans le domaine de la culture, de l’education et des langues’. Journal of European Integration History, 5 (2), 75–105.
European Commission (2007). On a European agenda for culture in a globalizing world. COM (2007) 242 final. Brussels.
European Community Commission (1987). A Fresh boost for culture in the European Community (COM (87) 603 final).
Fligstein, N. (2009). Who are the Europeans and how does this matter for politics? In Checkel, J. T., Katzenstein, P. J. (Eds.) European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fontaine, P. (1991). A Citizen’s Europe? Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Forrest, A. (1994). A New Start for Cultural Action in the European Community. Genesis and Implications of Article 128 of the Treaty on European Union. Cultural Policy, 1 (2),11–20.
Gilbert, P. (2010). Cultural Identity and Political Ethics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Gowland, D., Dunphy, R. & Lythe, C. (1995). The European Mosaic. Contemporary Politics, Economics and Culture. Pearson Education Limited.
Haas, E. (1958). The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Habermas, J. (1992). Further reflections on the Public Sphere. In Calhoun, Cr. (Ed.) Habermas and the Public Sphere (pp. 421–461). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (2001). WHY Europe Needs a Constitution? New Left Review, Sep-Oct 2001.
Habermas, J. (2006). The Divided West. Cambridge: Polity.
Juncker, J.-C. (2014). A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Hobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change. Political Guidelines for the next European Commission, Opening statement. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/about/juncker-commission/docs/pg_en.pdf
Kostakopoulou, D. (2001). Citizenship, Identity, and Immigration in the European Union: Between Past and Future. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Lindberg, L. (1963). The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Littoz-Monnet, A. (2003). European Cultural Policy: A French Creation? In French Politics, 1 (pp. 255–278). Palgrave Macmillan, (255–278).
Littoz-Monnet, A. (2007). European Policy Studies: European Union and Culture: Between Economic regulation and European Cultural Policy. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Lucarelli, S. and Manners, I. (2006). Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy. London: Routledge.
Lucarelli, S. and Fioramonti, A. (2010). External Perceptions of the European Union as a Global Actor. Routledge.
Lucarelli, S., Cerutti, F. & Schmidt, F. (eds.) (2011). Debating Political Identity and Legitimacy in the European Union. London: Routledge.
Maastricht Treaty (1992). Treaty on the European Union. Luxembourg. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Macdonald, S., (ed.) (1993). Inside European Identities. Oxford: Berg.
Middelaar, L. van (2014). The Passage to Europe: How a Continent Became a Union. Cornwall: International Ltd, Padstow.
Mill, J.S. (2001). On Liberty. Batoche Books Kichener.
Moravcsik, A. (1998). The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Powerfrom Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Moravcsik, A. (May/June 2001). Despotism in Brussels? Misreading the European Union. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/2001-05-01/despotism-brussels-misreading-european-union
Naess, H. E. (2009). A New Agenda? The Euroepan Union and Cultural Policy. Alliance Publishing Trust.
Pantel, M. (1999). Unity-in- Diversity. Cultural Policy and EU Legitimacy. In Banchoff, T., Smith, M. (Eds.) Legitimacy and the European Union (46–65). London: Routledge.
Pongy, M. (1997). ‘Entres mode` les nationaux et eurogroupes d’inteґreˆ ts professionnels: 1’action de 1’Union dans la culture’. In Cultures et Conflits (pp.129–145).
Richardson, J. J. (1996). Actor-based models of national and EU policy-making, In H. Kassim and A. Menon (Eds.) The European Union and National Industrial Policy (26–51). London: Routledge.
Risse, T. (2010). Community of Europeans. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Sassatelli, M. (2002). Imagined Europe. The Shaping of a Euroepan Cultural Identity through EU Cultural Policy. European Journal of Social Theory, 5 (4), 435–451.
Senelle, R. (1994). ‘The new cultural policy of the European Union’. In Bekemans, Leonce and Lombaert, Ruben (Eds). Culture: Building stone for Europe 2002: Reflexions and perspectives. Brussels: European University Press.
Shore, C. (2000). Building Europe. The Cultural Politics of European Integration. London: Routledge.
Shore, C. (2001). The Cultural policies of the European Union and cultural diversity. In Bennet, T. (Ed.) Differing Diversities: Transversal Study on the Theme of Cultural Policy and Cultural Diversity. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Shore, C. (2006). “In uno plures” (?) EU Cultural Policy and the Governance of Europe. Cultural Analysis, 5, 7–26.
Smith, A. (1991). National Identity. University of Nevada press.
Stoicheva, M. (2014). Multiculturalism and Dimension of Identification in Eastern Europe: A Failed Policy or Inescapable Reality? In Kim, N. (Ed.) Multicultural Challenges and Sustainable Democracy in Europe and East Asia. Palgrave Macmillan.
Stoicheva, M. (2016). European Identity. Theoretical Dilemmas and Analytical Approaches. Sofia University Press.
Stoicheva, M. (2017). The Relative Geography of Identity Conflicts: Modes and Representation in the context of European Integration. Journal of Conflict and Integration, 1 (1).
Theiler, T. (2005). Political Symbolism and European Integration. Manchester: Manchester University Press
Wallace, H. (2000). Studying Anderson Contemporary Europe. The British Journal of Politics, 2 (1), 95–113.
Wallace, H. (2005). An institutional anatomy and five policy modes. In Wallace, W., Wallace, H. & M. Pollack (Eds.) Policy-Making in the European Union, 5th edition (pp. 49–90). Oxford: Oxford University Press.