Рубрика
DOI
https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-23-2-86-105Как цитировать
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Copyright (c) 2022 Майя Викторовна Никольская
Аннотация
Статья посвящена языковой политике Руанды, которая была разработана властями страны после геноцида 1994 г. — своеобразного водораздела в ее современной истории — с целью преодоления глубокой национальной травмы. В качестве основного метода был выбран кейс-стади, предполагающий системный сбор информации по предмету исследования для определения этапов и основных направлений реформирования языковой политики с указанного момента по сегодняшний день. Ответ на вопрос о том, чем был обусловлен такой шаг и в какой степени он соответствует поставленной руандийским руководством задаче конструирования национального проекта без этнического компонента, автор пытается найти с помощью концепции «треугольника насилия» Й. Галтунга и модели трансформации конфликта с ориентацией на «позитивный мир». В частности вплоть до геноцида в стране наблюдался феномен «лингвистического империализма», проявлявшийся в дискриминации граждан, не владеющих французским языком. После геноцида (и выхода страны из орбиты влияния Франции) началось формирование новой конфигурации языков, что было направлено на вытеснение французского на второстепенные позиции по сравнению с английским ради преодоления негативных этнических стереотипов. Национальная идея «нового руандийского человека» получила поддержку за счет усиления позиций автохтонного языка киньяруанда, статус которого был пересмотрен и в правовом, и в символическом аспектах. Новая языковая политика коснулась также еще одного африканского языка: в контексте обозначенного правительством курса на интеграцию в восточноафриканское пространство статус официального получил суахили. Реализуемая в настоящий период четырехъязычная модель оценена как достаточно успешная, поскольку соответствует вкладываемым в нее символическим смыслам и практическим задачам постконфликтного мирного строительства.
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