Abstract
In geopolitical discourse, subjectivation is typically understood as the process in which individuals internalize and adopt the role of the subject, as a result of external imposition and internalization. A subject of this nature needs to constantly take initiative and demonstrate the capacity for autonomous decision-making, as well as the ability to function independently. Meanwhile, board games, particularly war games, are often left out of analyses. However, children’s war games are also one source of the ‘domestication’ of geopolitics. The process of “domestication” of geopolitics is characterized by the integration of children, elements and relations that are associated with geopolitics. This amalgamation gives rise to a blending of domestic and geopolitical spaces. The process of combining components that do not inherently possess a hierarchical relationship with each other can be designated as ‘assemblage”. The present study draws upon Ernesto Laclau’s theory of political discourse and Nico Carpentier’s discursive-material approach to analyze a selection of modern Russian children’s board war games. The games selected for analysis are Fantasy Battles, Armored Infantry, Zverobots Battle, and Robogear. Several types of text are used in games. These include booklets which explain to players the rules of the game’s imaginary space, the mechanics of the game and ‘fluff’, that is to say, texts on in-game objects such as ‘magic cards’ and inscriptions on packs which explain, in aggregate, winning strategies and stipulate the influence of luck. The integration of visual elements, such as images, within the game’s design facilitates the player’s imagination of the game’s virtual environment. Moreover, it enables the player to develop a conceptual understanding of the game’s various components, including the appearance of painted figures and landscapes, as well as the mechanics of gameplay. The material objects in the game are comprised of soldier figurines, weaponry and military equipment, and landscape elements.
Keywords
References
Alexandratos, J. (2017). Articulating the Action Figure: Essays on the Toys and Their Messages. McFarland.
Ambrosio, T., & Ross, J. (2023). Performing the Cold War through the ‘The Best Board Game on the Planet’: The Ludic Geopolitics of Twilight Struggle. Geopolitics, 28(2), 846–878.
Andreeva, I. V. (2015). “Igrushki, o kotorykh mechtayut nashi deti”: Oboronnaya igrushka v SSSR v 1930‑e gody (Po materialam zhurnala “Sovetskaya igrushka”) [“Toys Our Children Dream About”: Defense Toys in the USSR in the 1930s (based on Materials from the “Sovetskaia Igrushka” Journal)]. Gorokhovskie chteniya: sbornik materialov shestoi regional’noi muzeinoi konferentsii [Gorokhov Readings: Collection of Materials from the Sixth Regional Museum Conference] (pp. 399–406). Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinskii gosudarstvennyi kraevedcheskii muzei.
Bainbridge, J. (2010). Fully Articulated: The Rise of the Action Figure and the Changing Face of ‘Children’s’ Entertainment. Continuum, 24(6), 829–842. DOI: 10.1080/10304312.2010.510592
Batler, Dzh. (2020). Psikhika vlasti: teorii sub’’ektsii [The Psyche of Power: Theories of Subjectivity]. SPb: Aleteiya.
Billig, M. (1995). Banal Nationalism. London: SAGE.
Brown, K. D. (1990). Modelling for war? Toy Soldiers in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain. Journal of Social History, 237–254.
Buntovskii, S. Yu., Karimova, Kh. I. (2016). Patrioticheskaya igrushka kak instrument patrioticheskogo vospitaniya podrastayushchego pokoleniya [A Patriotic Toy as a Tool for Patriotic Education of the Younger Generation]. Nauchnyi zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta [Scientific journal of the Kuban State Agrarian University], 124, 509–526.
Carpentier, N. (2017). The Discursive-Material Knot: Cyprus in Conflict and Community Media. NY: Peter Lang, 472.
Carter, S., Kirby, P., & Woodyer, T. (2017). Ludic — or Playful — Geopolitics. In Children, Young People and Critical Geopolitics. Routledge.
Dalby, S. (1991). Critical Geopolitics: Discourse, difference, and dissent. Environment and Planning. D: Society and Space, 9(3), 261–283. DOI: 10.1068/d090261
Dittmer, J. (2015). Playing Geopolitics: Utopian Simulations and Subversions of International Relations. GeoJournal, 80(6), 909–923. DOI: 10.1007/s10708-015-9655-1
Dittmer, J., & Bos, D. (2019). Popular Culture, Geopolitics, and Identity. Rowman & Littlefield.
Dittmer, J., & Dodds, K. (2008). Popular Geopolitics Past and Future: Fandom, Identities and Audiences. Geopolitics, 13(3), 437–457. DOI: 10.1080/14650040802203687
Flower, C. (2023). The Exemplary Game: Going to War with H. G. Wells’s Toy Soldiers. Children’s Literature, 51(1), 24–50.
Fox, J. E., Miller-Idriss, C. (2008). Everyday Nationhood. Ethnicities, 8(4), 536–563.
Global Market Insights. (2023). Board Games Market Size. Global Market Insights Inc. Retrieved from https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/board-games-market
Golenkov, S. I. (2007). Ponyatie sub’’ektivatsii Mishelya Fuko [The Concept of Subjectivation by Michel Foucault]. Vestnik Samarskoi gumanitarnoi akademii. Seriya: Filosofiya. Filologiya [Bulletin of the Samara Humanitarian Academy. Series: Philosophy. Philology], 1, 54–66.
Graeber, D. (2023) Utopiya pravil. O tekhnologiyah, gluposti i tajnom obayanii byurokratii [The Utopia of Rules: On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy]. M.: Ad Marginem.
Hall, K. J. (2004). A Soldier’s Body: GI Joe, Hasbro’s Great American Hero, and the Symptoms of Empire. Journal of Popular Culture, 38(1), 34–54.
Hansen, L. (2017). Reading Comics for the Field of International Relations: Theory, Method and the Bosnian War. European Journal of International Relations, 23(3), 581–608. DOI: 10.1177/1354066116656763
Heller, K. J. (1996). Power, Subjectification and Resistance in Foucault. SubStance, 25(1), 78. DOI: 10.2307/3685230
Hyojzinga J. (2011) Homo ludens. Chelovek igrayushchij [Homo Ludens. The Man Playing]. SPb: Izd-vo Ivana Limbaha.
Kajua, R. (2022). Igry i lyudi [Games and People] M.: AST.
Kelly, J. (2012). Popular Culture, Sport and the ‘Hero’-fication of British Militarism. Sociology, 47(4), 722–738. DOI: 10.1177/0038038512453795
Kriz, W. C. (2020). Gaming in the Time of COVID‑19. Simulation & Gaming, 51(4), 403–410. DOI: 10.1177/1046878120931602
Laclau, E. (1990). New Reflections on the Revolution of our time. Verso Trade.
Laclau, E., & Mouffe C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso.
Loponen, M., & Montola, M. (2004). A Semiotic View on Diegesis Construction. In M. Montola, & J. Stenros (Eds.), Beyond Role and Play – Tools, Toys and Theory for Harnessing the Imagination (pp. 39–51). Ropecon ry.
Machin, D., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2009). Toys as Discourse: Children’s War Toys and the War on Terror. Critical Discourse Studies, 6(1), 51–63. DOI: 10.1080/17405900802560082
Marttila, T. (2016). Post-foundational Discourse Analysis. Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI: 10.1057/9781137538406
Morozov, V. E. (2009). Rossiya i drugie: Identichnost’ i granicy politicheskogo soobshchestva [Russia and Others: Identity and Boundaries of the Political Community]. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.
Morozov, V. E. (2015). Russia’s Postcolonial Identity: A Subaltern Empire in a Eurocentric World. UK: Springer.
Peterson, J. (2012). Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People and Fantastic Adventures, from Chess to Role-playing games. UK: Unreason Press.
Ryabov O. V. et al. (2023). “Vrag nomer odin” v simvolicheskoi politike kinematografii SSSR i SShA perioda holodnoi voiny [“Enemy Number One” in the Symbolic Policy of the Cinematographies of the USSR and the USA During the Cold War]. M.: Aspekt Press.
Sharp, J. P. (1993). Publishing American identity: Popular geopolitics, myth and The Reader’s Digest. Political Geography, 12(6), 491–503. DOI: 10.1016/0962-6298(93)90001‑n
Tuathail, G. Ó. (1996). Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. University of Minnesota Press.
Wells, H. G. (2004). Little Wars. Skirmisher Publishing.
Woodyer, T. (2012). Ludic Geographies: Not Merely Child’s Play. Geography Compass, 6(6), 313–326. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2012.00477.x
Woodyer, T., & Carter, S. (2018). Domesticating the Geopolitical: Rethinking Popular Geopolitics through Play. Geopolitics, 25(5), 1050–74. DOI: 10.1080/14650045.2018.1527769
Woodyer, T., Martin, D., & Carter, S. (2015). Ludic Geographies. In B. Evans, J. Horton, T. Skelton (Eds) Play and Recreation, Health and Wellbeing. Geographies of Children and Young People, 9. Singapore: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-4585-51-4_1