Дезинформация как инструмент и составная часть информационного противоборства Запада | Южно-российский журнал социальных наук
Дезинформация как инструмент и составная часть информационного противоборства Запада
Том 23 (2022) № 2, Политические институты и процессы
Том 23 (2022) № 2
Политические институты и процессы

Дезинформация как инструмент и составная часть информационного противоборства Запада

Федоров А.В.
Московский государственный технический университет им. Н. Э. Баумана
ORCID ID 0000-0002-0698-4480
PDF
https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-23-2-18-36
https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-23-2-18-36

Как цитировать Array

Федоров А.В. Дезинформация как инструмент и составная часть информационного противоборства Запада // Южно-российский журнал социальных наук. 2022. Т. 23, №2. С. 18-36. DOI: 10.31429/26190567-23-2-18-36
Дата поступления 2022-07-25
Дата принятия 2022-08-27
Дата публикации 2022-08-30

Copyright (c) 2022 Александр Валентинович Федоров

Лицензия Creative Commons

Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная.

Аннотация

В условиях глобализации коммуникаций и широкой доступности социальных сетей дезинформация, взятая на вооружение Западом в рамках ведения им информационного противоборства с неугодными странами в целях нарушения общественной стабильности, оказания влияния на процессы социального и политического управления, стимулирования протестных движений и общественных беспорядков, стала серьезным вызовом национальной и международной безопасности. Именно через разрушающее влияние на национальное сознание, культуру и образование были подготовлены и осуществлены «цветные революции». Конкретным проявлением такой линии Запада стала нацификация населения Украины, закрепленная фейковыми обещаниями дивидендов от победы над Россией. Результатом 30‑летнего дезинформационного воздействия на сознание украинцев, формирования условий для расцвета политики «постправды» стала готовность населения страны воспринимать ульташовинизм за стремление к «независимости», а антирусскость — за «европейский путь развития». Нормативные правовые инструменты противодействия распространению дезинформации стали вводиться в национальное и международное право в начале текущего столетия. Межправительственным соглашением ШОС 2009 г. дезинформация названа в ряду угроз международной безопасности. Запад, усматривающий в расширении практики дезинформации признаки «дисфункциональности демократии», также начал борьбу с ней, приняв Европейский Кодекс практик в отношении дезинформации и поддержав профильную резолюцию 76‑й сессии ГА ООН. Однако эти шаги стали не более чем декларациями: поток дезинформации нарастает и принимаемые меры не действуют.

Ключевые слова

дезинформация, общественное сознание, информационное пространство, информационное противоборство, информационная вой­на, информационное оружие, СМИ, социальные сети, информационные ресурсы, пропаганда, фейк-ньюс

Библиографические ссылки

  1. U. S. Code § 3059 (2021). Foreign Malign Influence Center. Cornell Law School. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3059
  2. th Brigade. Influence and Outreach (2022). Retrieved from https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/formations-divisions-brigades/6th-united-kingdom-division/77-brigade/groups/
  3. Alekseyeva, I. Yu. (2001) Problema intellektual’nogo suvereniteta v informatsionnom obshchestve [The Problem of Intellectual Sovereignty in the Information Society]. Informatsionnoye obshchestvo [Information Society], 2. Retrieved from http://emag.iis.ru/arc/infosoc/emag.nsf/0/1b9f045b1ae21c9bc3256c4c002fb909?OpenDocument
  4. Bagdasaryan, E., Shmatikov, V. (2021). Spinning Language Models: Risks of Propaganda-As-A-Service and Countermeasures. Cornell University. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.05224
  5. Bartley, N., Abeliuk, A., Ferrara, Е., Lerman, К. (2021, June 22). Auditing Algorithmic Bias on Twitter. ACM Digital Library. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3447535
  6. Bradshaw, S., Bailey, H., Howard, P. (2021, February 22). Industrialized Disinformation. Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford. Retrieved from https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/127/2021/01/CyberTroop-Report-2020-v.2.pdf
  7. Deutsch, J. (2021, December 17). To Regulate Big Tech, you Must Know Big Tech (and be from Denmark. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2021–12–17/digital-services-act-led-by-eu-lawmaker-christel-schaldemose
  8. Digital 2022: Another Year of Bumper Growth (2022, January 26). We are Social. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital-2022-another-year-of-bumper-growth-2/
  9. Digital News Report 2021 (2021). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism | University of Oxford. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021
  10. Elias, J. (2021, July 19). YouTube to Add Labels to some Health Videos amid Misinformation Backlash. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/19/youtube-labeling-some-health-videos-amid-misinformation-backlash.html
  11. Executive Order 13925 of May 28, 2020 (2020. June 2). Preventing Online Censorship. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved from https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/06/02/2020–12030/preventing-online-censorship
  12. Fedorov, A. V. (2006). Informatsionnaya bezopasnost’ v mirovom politicheskom protsesse [Information Security in the Global Political Process]. Moskva: Izd-vo MGIMO. Retrieved from https://mgimo.ru/library/publications/72016/
  13. France’s Watered-down Anti-hate Speech Law Enters into Force (2020, July 16). Universal Rights Group. Retrieved from https://www.universal-rights.org/blog/frances-watered-down-anti-hate-speech-law-enters-into-force/
  14. Fukuyama, F. (2020). Can make Internet safe for Democracy? Retrieved from https://www.project-syndicate.org/onpoint/antitrust-can-make-internet-safe-for-democracy-by-francis-fukuyama-2020–01?barrier=accesspaylog
  15. FY21 Minerva Topics of Interest (2021, May 6). The Minerva Research Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.unco.edu/research/pdf/minerva-fy21-topics.pdf
  16. Gavison, R. (1980). Privacy and the Limits of Law. The Yale Law Journal, 89(3), 465. DOI 10.2307/795891
  17. Goodman, L. (2021) The EMBERS Project Can Predict the Future with Twitter. Newsweek. Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/ 2015/03/20/embers-project-can-predict-future-twitter-312063.html
  18. Hirsch, L., Breuninger, K. (2020, May 28). Trump Targets Social Media Companies with Executive Order After Twitter Fact-checks His Tweets. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/28/trump-targets-social-media-with-executive-order-after-twitter-fact-checks-him.html
  19. How Facebook and Google fund Global Misinformation (2021, November 20). MIT Technology Review. Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/11/20/1039076/facebook-google-disinformation-clickbait/
  20. In the UK Created a Center to Combat ‘Russian Disinformation’ (2022). MIT Technology Review. Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/11/20/1039076/facebook-google-disinformation-clickbait/
  21. Information Manipulation (2022). The Alliance for Securing Democracy (ASD). US German Marshall Fund. Retrieved from https://securingdemocracy.gmfus.org/information-manipulation/
  22. Ireton, C & Posetti, J. (2018). “Journalism, Fake News & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training”. UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265552
  23. Johnson, D. (2020, March 13). CISA Looks to Industry for Anti-troll Tools. FSW. Retrieved from https://fcw.com/security/2020/03/cisa-looks-to-industry-for-anti-troll-tools/258074/
  24. Kayali, L. (2020, May 13). France Gives Final Green Light to Law Cracking Down on Hate Speech Online. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/france-gives-final-green-light-to-law-cracking-down-on-hate-speech-online/
  25. Keane, J. (2021). Post-truth Politics and Why the Antidote Isn’t Simply ‘Fact-checking’ and Truth. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/post-truth-politics-and-why-the-antidote-isnt-simply-fact-checking-and-truth-87364
  26. Kirchgaessner, S., Safi, M. (2021, December 16). Facebook Bans Seven ‘Cyber Mercenary’ Companies from its Platforms. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/dec/16/facebook-bans-surveillance-companies-warnings-malicious-activity
  27. Macron Gets Intelligence Services Battle Ready to Protect Elections from Potential Foreign Interference (2022, Jan. 3). Intelligence Online. Retrieved from https://www.intelligenceonline.com/government-intelligence/2022/01/03/macron-gets-intelligence-services-battle-ready-to-protect-elections-from-potential-foreign-interference,109714158-art
  28. Malnick, E. (2022, March 19). Inside the Secret Government Unit Firing Vladimir Putin’s ‘Armed Lie’. The Telegraph. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/03/19/inside-secret-government-unit-returning-fire-vladimir-putins/
  29. Matishak, M. (2021, April 26). Intelligence Community Creating Hub to Gird Against Foreign Influence. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/26/intelligence-community-hub-foreign-influence-484604
  30. McGuffie, K., Newhouse, A. (2020, September 9). The Radicalization Risks of GPT-3 and Neural Language Models. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.06807v1
  31. Milmo, D. (2022, January 12). YouTube is Major Conduit of Fake News, Factcheckers Say. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/12/youtube-is-major-conduit-of-fake-news-factcheckers-say
  32. Mis-, Dis-, and Malinformation (MDM) (2022). The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). An Official Website of the United States Government. Retrieved from https://www.cisa.gov/mdm
  33. Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz A., et al (2021, September 13). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021–06/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf
  34. Nye, J. (2011). The Future of Power. Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, New York: Public Affairs.
  35. Ranade, P., Joshi, A., Finin, T. (2021, November 2). Study Shows AI-generated Fake Cybersecurity Reports Fool Experts. University of Maryland. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/study-shows-ai-generated-fake-reports-fool-experts-160909
  36. S Mo, J.-J., Dam Нее, K., Kenski, К. (2020, July 20) Perceptions of Mis- or Disinformation Exposure Predict Political Cynicism: Evidence from a Two-wave Survey During the 2018 US Midterm Elections. SAGE Journals. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444820943878
  37. Shapiro, J. N., Wanless, A. (2021, December 28). Why Are Authoritarians Framing International Approaches to Disinformation? Lawfare. Retrieved from https://www.lawfareblog.com/why-are-authoritarians-framing-international-approaches-disinformation
  38. Shyam, S. S. (2016, December 8). Why do We Fall for Fake News? The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-do-we-fall-for-fake-news-69829
  39. Susarla, A. (2018, August 17). Facebook Begins to Shift from Being a Free and Open Platform into a Responsible Public Utility. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/facebook-begins-to-shift-from-being-a-free-and-open-platform-into-a-responsible-public-utility-101577
  40. Susarla, A. (2020, July 14). Biases in Algorithms Hurt Those Looking for Information on Health. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/biases-in-algorithms-hurt-those-looking-for-information-on-health-140616
  41. Susarla, A., Chakravorti, B., Calo, R. (2021, November 10). 3 Ways Congress Could hold Facebook Accountable for Its Actions. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/3-ways-congress-could-hold-facebook-accountable-for-its-actions-169799
  42. Susarla, А., Нее Kim, D., Zuckerman, E. (2021, December 28). Misinformation Could be a Growing Challenge in 2022, Experts Predict. United Press International. Retrieved from https://www.upi.com/Voices/2021/12/28/social-media-misinformation/9701640614447/
  43. Threat Report (2021, May 26). The State of Influence Operations 2017–2020. Facebook. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/IO-Threat-Report-May-20–2021.pdf
  44. Trufanova, Ye. O. (2021). Privatnoye i publichnoye v tsifrovom prostranstve: razmyvaniye granits [Private and Public in the Digital Space: Blurring of the Lines]. Galactica Media Journal of Media Studies [Galactica Media Journal of Media Studies], 3(1), 14–38. DOI 10.46539/gmd.v3i1.130
  45. Valencia, S. (2021, October 28) Misinformation Online is Bad in English. But it’s far Worse in Spanish. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/10/28/misinformation-spanish-facebook-social-media/
  46. Washington Seeks Coordination between State Dept and ODNI-Backed Centers on Foreign Influence (2021, June 23). Intelligence Online. Retrieved from https://www.intelligenceonline.com/government-intelligence/2021/06/23/washington-seeks-coordination-between-state-dept — and-odni-backed-centres-on-foreign-influence,109675073-art
  47. Wiggers, K. (2021, December 14). Propaganda-as-a-service May be on the Horizon if Large Language Models are Abused. Venture Beat. 2021. Retrieved from https://venturebeat.com/2021/12/14/propaganda-as-a-service-may-be-on-the-horizon-if-large-language-models-are-abused/
  48. World-first Online Safety Laws Introduced in Parliament (2021, March 17). UK Government. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/world-first-online-safety-laws-introduced-in-parliament